Racialism Essays - Social Constructionism, Kinship And Descent

Racialism Appiah addresses the issues of racialism, intrinsic racism, and extrensic racism in his article entitled RACISMS. However, after analyzing Appiah's views on racism and its different forms, his views on the theoretical validity of racialism and extrinsic racism are seriously doubted. Appiah defines racialism as "the view that there are essentail characteristics that allow us to classify people into distinct races, each of which shares certain traits and tendencies". On this topic, Appiah thinks that this theory, or way of categorizing people is false. He thinks that it is merely an excuse for people to practice types of racism. Among the two most distinct types of racism are intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic racism consists of people who differentiate morally between members of different races because they "believe that each race has a different moral status, quite independent of the moral characteristics entailed by its racial essence." For the intrinsic racist there is no moral, intellectual, cultural, or perhaps even physical trait or act in relevancy to a member of another race that would merit equal treament. Extrinsic racists make moral distinctions between members of other races because they believe that the racial essence entails certain morally relevant qualities. The extrinsic racist's discrimintation stems from the belief that different races are different genetically, and these genetic differences constitute different treatment and expectations. Even with evidence that states otherwise, evidence that points that a person of another race is intelligent, or noble, there is nothing that can deter the extrinsic racist's perceptions about those of another race. But, the extrinsic racist may in fact have friends or loved ones in that race.It is this belief that leads Appiah to believe that these individuals have a "cognitive incapacity", or an inability to reason. Appiah comments early on that racialism is a false concept, or view. His grounds for his claim is that it serves as a presupposition to two types of racism, extrinsic and intrinsic. However, he is only keeping in consideration a few results and purposes of racialism. When Appiah looks at racialism, he sees that it is a science that allows us to classify people into distinct races based on character traits and tendencies. In his perspective, this serves no further purpose but to validate racism, and that it is a concept that is false in theory. The truth of the matter is there are certain obvious differences based on race. Most apparent is skin color, and other physical characteristics like hair, eyes, lips, etc. That fact alone weakens Appiah's argument racialism is false. This weakens Appiah's argument because when he says that racialism is false in theory, part of what he saying that either there are no traits that allow us to classify people into races. Certain physical characteristics are evident in races and allows us to classify by race. The second part of Appiah's argument regarding racialism is that racialism also classifies on character tendencies originating from race. It is generally agreed that race had no create character tendencies, morals, and actions. However, race can indirectly play a role in the development of many characteristics. Race is becoming less of a factor as more and more people engage in racial mixed relationships. But it is a factor. Certain races are more inclined to be a part of certain cultures, with their own respective value systems. For instance, being born Chinese does not automatically make you good at kung-fu, give you more of a natural ability to draw, or a more respectable person. However, due to the history of the chinese, and the culture behind it their are certain traits that a chinese individual would be more likely to take on. Chinese may be more likey to draw well because of calligraphy, in which every word is basically a little picture. this obviously would help to develop control over the pen. The culture of the chinese has a very heavy influence on respecting one's parents and the elderly, which would undoubtably make older individuals seem more honorable or wise. So in that case, race does indeed have an impact on character tendencies and behavior. It shows that race can have a connection to culture and upbringing, which does relate to the type of person that will develop. This is where Appiah's theory that racialism is a presupposition to to racism comes into play. These cultural characteristics can easily be mistaken for racial characteristics. Also, none of these traits are absolute, or definate. Culture does not have the power to dictate a person's morality, behavior, and abilities, but it can influence these things.

The Mystery of the Stellar Sea Lion essays

The Mystery of the Stellar Sea Lion essays An entire species is dying off, and quickly for that matter. Since the 1960s, about 94 percent of all Steller sea lions have been killed off due to reasons ...including pollution, climatic changes, marine debris, and disease so far to no avail. Vanishing from Alaskan waters, and biological detectives not having a reason as to why, David Holthouse tells the mystery just how it is, and just what we can do to help slow down the serial killings of a species that has no profound reason to die off quite yet. With very few of these specific sea lions left, an ecosystem is being damaged and in turn, is hurting innocent marine-mammals. Named after George Wilhelm Steller, the Steller Sea Lion was discovered way back in 1742 during his voyage around some harsh Alaskan waters. Historically, the range from the Gulf of Alaska to the Bering Sea and all around the Aleutian Islands has been the main home to the Steller Sea Lion for centuries. From 1960 to 1989 the population of these sea lions has decreased dramatically from 140,000 all the way to 65,000 respectively. Many, including coordinators from the Alaska Department of Fish and Games Division of Wildlife Conservation, believe that people may be at the root of this problem, and that something incredibly unnatural is causing this heartbreaking story. Something somewhere is out of balance. Narrowed down by both federal and state level scientists, the cause of this monstrosity has been left to commercial fishing. Not necessarily is it that commercial fisherman are catching the northern sea lions, but that they are gathering up all the fish and Pollock that these sea lions live on. Not only are the Steller Sea Lions the species slowly depleting from earths surface, but many other marine-mammals, too, due to the large commercial fishing market that is altering the abundance of key prey species in ways that make foraging more difficult for all t...

A Study On The Blooming Of Convenience Store

A Study On The Blooming Of Convenience Store This research proposal studies on the factors which affect the blooming of convenience store in petrol kiosk. The components of blooming of convenience store are based on the economy of the country, the sales of petrol kiosk, and the spending potential of the customer. Objectives: To investigate how the economy of the country can affect the blooming of convenience store in petrol kiosk To investigate how the sales of petrol kiosk affects the blooming of convenience store in petrol kiosk To find out if the spending potential of the customer affects the blooming of convenience in petrol kiosk Research Question: How the economy of the country can affect the blooming of convenience store in petrol kiosk? How the sales of petrol kiosk affect the blooming of convenience store in petrol kiosk? How the spending potential of customer affect the blooming of convenience store in petrol kiosk? Introduction: A convenience store is a small store that sells items such as bakeries, beverage, biscui t, car care, confectionary, groceries or some selective processed food, lubricants, personal care and household, salty snacks or local tidbits, tobacco, newspaper and magazine. Some part of petrol kiosk may also sell windshield washer fluid, radiator fluid and maps. A convenience store can be a reasonably profitable  business  because many people will pay extra to buy an item quickly and conveniently or sometimes to make up for the convenience they offer. The price in convenience store are often higher the supermarkets or hypermarkets. The key for a successful convenience store is the location. That’s why stores are normally located along busy roads, high population neighbourhoods and petrol kiosk. Travellers normally stopping by for petrol or toilet facilities are often appreciate the convenience of having foods, drinks, reading materials and maps available without having to go to a supermarket. Convenience stores are usually open even when supermarkets are closed and us ually allow for quick shopping and service. For locals, they likely to go to convenience store when their regular supermarket is closed and they need the items such as milk, toilet paper or bread that they already running out at home. However, many locals go to convenience stores regularly to buy magazine and candy. Students often buy cold drinks and snack foods from convenience store. Many convenience stores have microwaves for heating up the prepared sandwiches, soups and hot dogs they sell. Some stores also have coffee and breakfast sandwich special for those people who travel for work in the morning. Drinks and coffee machines and prepared foods are often together in another area and there may be a deli. Newspaper sometimes included in these offers and it may be available at the front counter and or at the magazine rack in the store. Convenience stores often carry at least some ready-to-go items such as muffins and doughnuts. Significant of Study: This study aims at finding out the relationships between the large potential of customer, the economy, and sales of the petrol kiosk, spending potential of the customer and strategic location with the blooming of convenience stores in petrol kiosk.

Occupational Therapy for Dementia Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Occupational Therapy for Dementia - Case Study Example Over and above that, she has evidence of rheumatoid arthritis of both hands. She tripped and fell in the bathroom; this impairment of mobility may get accentuated with her rheumatic disease. She has been admitted to the hospital for observation and further evaluation. She has evident dementia. She has been admitted to the acute care, and an occupational therapy evaluation and management plan will be enacted from this history. The evaluation method used in occupational therapy for AD is based on observation and interview. The most important central theme is to observe clients' involvement in activities of daily living. This information must be corroborated with other information obtained from interviewing family members or caregivers. Literature indicates use of several performance based measures such as Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS), Cognitive Performance Test (CPT), Daily Activities Questionnaire, Disability Assessment for Dementia (DAD), Functional Performance Test (FPT), and Kitchen Task Assessment (KTA). These are important to assess the extent and

CASE STUDY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Case Study Example The handheld solution was a lot better than the laptop solution because of various reasons. First reason being that the time needed to boot the laptop, login to the VPN and access the information was same as that needed to call CSRs. This meant that salespersons would rather call the CSR than use their laptop. This was not the case with Smartphone, information was accessible in seconds. Second was the portability and simplicity factor of the Smartphone. It was lot easier to carry and simpler to use when compared to laptops. The other types of information, besides inventory, that the salesperson might like to have access to over their BlackBerry phones are customer database, product catalogue, price details, order status information, sales forecasts, sales targets, sales force route planning and navigations, internet, market research, etc. There are numerous security issues that arise when there is mobile access to private corporate information. The company’s confidential information can be now accessed by anybody who can get through the network. Crackers can easily break into networks if there aren’t strict security policies. This information can be used against the company in numerous ways. Apart from access to information various changes can be made to the network that can make a deep impact on the company. Barriers that exist in businesses that hamper the adoption of enterprise 2.0 are traditional business culture and the belief that social networking leads to generation of huge amounts of worthless data. According to traditional business culture the time spent on social networking sites eats from the actual productivity. The best way to make a case for the implementation of Enterprise 2.0 is to highlight the effectiveness in communication among different departments of the company. It makes it even more attractive if the company has an international presence. Also, the wrong notion that Enterprise 2.0 applications

MockingJay Capitol and Air Duct Surprises Essay Example for Free

MockingJay Capitol and Air Duct Surprises Essay â€Å"All right, that’s it,† Paylor says. Flames and heavy black smoke from the wreckage obscure our view. â€Å"Did they hit the hospital?† â€Å"Must have,† she say grimly. As I hurry towards the ladders at the far end or the warehouse, the sight of Messalla and one od the insects emerging from behind an air duct surprises me. I thought they’d still be hunkered down in the alley. â€Å"They’re growing on me,† says Gale. I scramble down the ladder. When my feet hit the ground, I find a bodyguard, Cressida, and the other insect waiting. I expect resistance, but Cressida just waves me toward the hospital. She’s yelling, â€Å"I don’t care, Plutarch! Just give me five more minutes!† Not one to question a free pass, I take off into the street. â€Å"Oh, no,† I whisper as I catch sight of the hospital. Some people say they think our government is bad? Well check this out; 16 year old Katniss Everdeen is visiting a hospital to give the injured and dying people of District 8 hope. But when she is done, Capitol planes sent from President Snow attack her and her crew. Katniss and Gale shoot them down, but they find the hospital in ruins. Katniss records her own message for the capitol. MockingJay by Suzanne Collins. â€Å"Oh, no,† I whisper as I catch sight of the hospital. Or what used to be the hospital. I move past the wounded, past the burning plane wreck, fixated on the disaster ahead of me. People screaming, running about frantically, but unable to help. The bombs have collapsed the roof and set the building on fire, effectively trapping the patients within. A group of rescuers has assembled, trying to clear a path inside. But I already know what they will find. If the crushing debris and the flames didn’t get them, the smoke did. Gale’s at my shoulder. The fact that he does nothing only confirms my suspicions. Miners don’t abandon an accident until its hopeless. â€Å"Come on, Katniss. Haymitch says they can get a hovercraft in for us now,† he tells me, but I cant seem to move. â€Å"Why would they do that? Why would they target people who were already dying?† I ask him. â€Å"Scare others off. Prevent the wounded from seeking help,† says Gale. â€Å"Those people you met, they were expendable. To Snow, anyways. If the Capitol wins, what will it do with a bunch of damaged slaves?† I remember all those years in the woods, listening to Gale rant against the Capitol. Me, not paying close attention. Wondering why he even bothered to dissect its motives. Why thinking like our enemy would ever matter. Clearly, it could have mattered today. When Gale questioned the existence of the hospital, he was not thinking of disease, but this. Because he never underestimates the cruelty of those we face. I slowly turn my back to the hospital and find Cressida, flanked by the insects, standing a couple of yards in front of me. Her manner’s unrattled. Cool even. â€Å"Katniss,† she says. â€Å"President Snow just had them air the bombing live. Then he made an appearance to say that this was his way of sending a message to the rebels. What about you? Would you like to tell the rebels anything?† â€Å"Yes,† I whisper. The red blinking light on one end of the cameras catch my eye. I know I’m being recorded. â€Å"Yes,† I say more forcefully. Everyone is drawing away from me–-Gale, Cressida, the insects—giving me the stage. But I stay focused on the red light. â€Å"I want to tell the rebels that I am alive. That I’m right here in District Eight, where the Capitol has just bombed a hospital full of unarmed men, women, and children. There will be no survivors.† The shock I’ve been feeling being to give way to fury. â€Å"I want to tell people that if you think for one second the Capitol will treat us fairly if there’s a cease-fire, you’re deluding yourself. Because you know who they are and what they do† my hands go out automatically, as if to indicate the whole horror around me. â€Å"This is what they do! And we must fight back!† I’m moving in toward the camera now, carried forward by my rage. â€Å"President Snow says he’s sending us a message? Well, I have one for him. You can torture us and bomb us and burn our districts to the ground, but do you see that?† One of the cameras follows as I point to the planes burning on the roof of the warehouse across from us. The Capitol seal on a wing glows clearly through the flame. â€Å"Fire is catching!† I am shouting now, determined that he will not miss a word. â€Å"And if we burn, you burn with us!† My last words hang in the air. I feel suspended in time. Held aloft in a cloud of heat that generates not from my surroundings, but from my own being. â€Å"Cut!† Cressida’s voice snaps me back to reality, extinguishes me. She gives me a nod of approval. â€Å"That’s a wrap.†

Un-Victorian Tenets of Brownings Strange Medical Experience of Karshish, the Arab Physician :: Strange Medical Experience of Karshish

Un-Victorian Tenets of Browning's Strange Medical Experience of Karshish, the Arab Physician Robert Browning's "An Epistle Containing the Strange Medical Experience of Karshish, the Arab Physician" is a dramatic monologue in which Karshish writes to Abib about his experiencing the miracle of Jesus, when he raises Lazarus from the dead. "Karshish" is a dramatic monologue containing most of the tenets of Browning. Although "Karshish" is in the form of a letter, it is still an excellent example of a dramatic monologue. There is a speaker, Karshish, who is not the poet. There is a silent audience, Abib the reader of the letter. There is a mental exchange between the speaker and the audience: Karshish writes as if Abib were right in front of him listening to everything. This can be seen in the hang between "here I end" and "yet stay;" it is as if Abib were getting up to leave (61-2). There is a distinct critical moment, when Karshish decides to write about his original concern: "Yet stay. . . I half resolve to tell thee, yet I blush/ What set me off a-writing first of all" (62, 65-6). "Karshish" has all the basics to a dramatic monologue. It also contains a character study in which the speaker speaks from an extraordinary perspective. Karshish is a humble doctor from one of the most civilized nations of the time, he has seen most of the civilized world, and he is still amazed by the miracle that he witnessed. His amazement after having seen many great things in the world proves to the audience that this event was indeed spectacular and significant. In the non-Christian world, the most common response is to doubt and to reject, but because of the conviction of the speaker the audience believe that the miracle did happen. This contrast between doubt and believe creates the dramatic tension of the work. Thus, "Karshish" contains the character study and dramatic tension which make the work a dramatic monologue. "Karshish" contains many of the tenets of Browning. One of first tenets noticed is the idea that physical success in this life does not correspond to success in the next. This can be seen in the peaceful "carelessness" seen in Lazarus after being raised from the dead despite the

“Mob Scene” Commentary Essay

During the mob scene in To Kill A Mockingbird, author Harper Lee uses juxtaposition of light and dark imagery to convey the contrast that exists between good and evil. Through this comparison, the suspenseful and tense mood is portrayed strongly to the reader. Throughout the scene, dark shadows are vividly associated with the theme of evil, and the mob. The first evidence that clearly builds suspense about the mob is â€Å"shadows became substance as lights revealed solid shapes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (202). This quote server to keep the readers mind thinking about how the mob might actually look. Since Harper Lee leaves a neutral expression on the mobs faces, the reader can make their own interpretation on the mobs facial expression, and how they look. Solid shapes may also be a sign of evil or harmful beings since there are not any physical features associated to the body. By saying the bodies were dark solid shapes, a suspenseful mood is made and portrayed to the reader. As the tense mood arises throughout the mob scene, Scout, Jem and Dill decide to go help out Atticus. â€Å"I pushed myself through dark smelly bodies and burst into the circle of light.† (203). In this part of the scene, innocent Scout pushes her way through the dark mob, finding herself in a circle of light with Atticus. The dark mob, and the circle of light in which Atticus sits, makes a very distinct barrier of good and evil. Atticus being the â€Å"good guy† sits and guards his defendant Tom Robinson in the circle of light while the dark smelly bodies of the mob plan to murder them both. Having both sides with different opinions, intentions and colour description, portrays the tense mood. The final evidence from the mob scene that displays a contrast of good and evil is when Atticus, Scout, Jem and Dill leave the dangerous mob. â€Å"As they passed under a streetlight, Atticus reached out and massaged Jem’s hair, his one gesture of affection.† (207) This quote shows a reappearing sign of hope and goodness. Even though Atticus demanded Jem and the others to go back home (for their own good), without being successful, Atticus still loves his boy and cares for him. Harper Lee purposefully shows Atticus’s sign of  kindness to demonstrate that light is a symbol of kindheartedness and morality. In conclusion, Harper Lee creates a moment of tension and suspense in To Kill A Mockingbird during the mob scene through the juxtaposition of the ominous threat of the dark elements upon the light.

Obesity and Genetics

Obesity is characterized by a high amount of body fat or adipose tissue. This condition is common, but varies from individual to individual. There are other factors that play a role in obesity other than eating too much of the wrong foods, not exercising, or age, and gender. This factor is genetics. People with genetic risk factors that affect energy metabolism and result in an inborn susceptibility to gain weight are much different than a person who loses weight normally. Most people don’t understand that obesity can be caused by a genetic disorder that they have no control over. People that suffer from obesity are looked down upon by society because people consider them lazy or unable to control themselves around food, when actually they may eat healthier diets than an average size person does and exercise more frequent as well. People that are obese are greatly discriminated against, their denied employment because their considered a health risk, their also denied positions that are public related such as bus’s and cabs, airplanes, as well as amusement parks, and people treat them as social failures because of this. Obese people can’t walk outside of their homes without being gawked at or harassed and hurt verbally. This making it harder for them to cope with their disorder and just to avoid the criticism most isolate them self’s from the world, psychologically leading to depression, feelings of rejection, or shame, and anger issues, as well as unhealthy living and socialization skills. Motivation is dissipated and social interactions may become limited as a result. References: Obesity and Genetics. (2005, January 1). Retrieved from http://www.medicalmoment.org/_content/risks/jan05/286751.asp

Free Essays on Personalities

Personality types / The enduring characteristics of an individual's behavior, attitude, and feelings in everyday social situations make up personality. There are many influences on an individual's personality, including culture, genetic makeup, and early family life. Studies have shown that people with certain personality characteristics are more suitable for specific occupations or special activities. Personality studies can also reveal the relationship between specific types of personalities and the incidence of disease, divorce, and stress-related problems. There are many different theories concerning the nature and development of personality and the causes of personality changes. The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates believed that people behave differently because they have a predominance of one type of bodily fluid, or humor. According to this theory, people with calm or passive personalities have one dominant humor, while impulsive and temperamental people have a different dominant humor. In the 20th century, other classification schemes were advanced. The German psychiatrist Ernst Kretschmer thought that personality was determined by the person's body typesuch as plump, lean, or athletic. He suggested that short persons were more likely to be social, friendly, and lively. Both of these theories remain unproven. Major advances have been made through behavioral genetics, the field concerned with the relative influence of genetic and environmental factors on individual behavior. One approach is to study the personalities of identical (monozygotic) twins who have been separated since birth. Such individuals have the same genetic makeup but differ in the environments in which they are reared. In a related method of study, the personalities of individuals who are adopted from birth are compared to the personalities of their adoptive and biological parents. ... Free Essays on Personalities Free Essays on Personalities Personality types / The enduring characteristics of an individual's behavior, attitude, and feelings in everyday social situations make up personality. There are many influences on an individual's personality, including culture, genetic makeup, and early family life. Studies have shown that people with certain personality characteristics are more suitable for specific occupations or special activities. Personality studies can also reveal the relationship between specific types of personalities and the incidence of disease, divorce, and stress-related problems. There are many different theories concerning the nature and development of personality and the causes of personality changes. The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates believed that people behave differently because they have a predominance of one type of bodily fluid, or humor. According to this theory, people with calm or passive personalities have one dominant humor, while impulsive and temperamental people have a different dominant humor. In the 20th century, other classification schemes were advanced. The German psychiatrist Ernst Kretschmer thought that personality was determined by the person's body typesuch as plump, lean, or athletic. He suggested that short persons were more likely to be social, friendly, and lively. Both of these theories remain unproven. Major advances have been made through behavioral genetics, the field concerned with the relative influence of genetic and environmental factors on individual behavior. One approach is to study the personalities of identical (monozygotic) twins who have been separated since birth. Such individuals have the same genetic makeup but differ in the environments in which they are reared. In a related method of study, the personalities of individuals who are adopted from birth are compared to the personalities of their adoptive and biological parents. ...

Staging of Strategic Initiatives Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Staging of Strategic Initiatives - Assignment Example Consequently, strategic initiatives are bound by time, that is, time is specified for starting and completion of initiatives. The power of buyers dictates the number of sales that a firm makes. A firm has a large customer base if it uses giant retail outlets such as Wal-Mart. The store is a strategic distribution point since it is frequented by many buyers. However, this also implies that the buyers have immense power in dictating the success or failure of the firm. Thus, the buyers of Memorex flash drives have more power. Firms that are effective in reducing operational cost and also making products that look different from competitor’s products are better off than firms that implement cost leadership and differentiation separately. A differentiating firm is usually a step ahead in the market since customers tend to think theta the products are not close substitutes. This leads to more production at low costs, courtesy of economies of scale. Repeating the same task every time enhances the simplicity of the task. Consequently, an individual can understand various effects that can arise from a specific activity. This enhances the clarity and thus ability to be more productive. Repeatability enables a company to dedicate resources in new productive contexts, thus triggering more growth. A product loses value once new entrants impose substitutes on the market. The substitutes perform the same function as the original product, thus, purchase of one brand reduces sales of other substitutes. The market forces pull the prices down until an equilibrium price is achieved. This is the reason why the price of Laser teeth whitener fell from $500 to $100 upon introduction of other products that perform the same purpose. Espresso machines brew coffee and Starbucks roasts coffee beans and also makes a coffee beverage. However, the espresso process is automatic and involves pressurized  water mixing with coffee to produce the beverage.  

Methodological issues with financial ratios Essay

Methodological issues with financial ratios - Essay Example The paper is an attempt to analyze the accuracy of the statement taking the evidence from the last 10 years from the research work published. Use of Financial Ratios Financial ratios are used by the company stakeholders as they have different kind of interest in the concerned company. The shareholders assess the ratios and take the decision whether the performance of the company would be profitable for them, thereby take the investment decisions. The company management analyzes the flaws of the performance of past years and tries to improve it in the future years using ratio analysis tool. The creditors of the company try to find that the company is creditworthy anymore or not (Moyer, McGuigan and Kretlow, 2008, p.58). By doing the comparable analysis of ratios an investor or a prospective investor take the decision that which firm is better to invest, from where they can get the best return when the company management has the interest that how their company is performing with respec t to the industry standard (Hitchner, 2011, p.103). When doing the ratio analysis for the above mentioned various purposes then the user should make sure that he has considered the various factors which affect the variables of the ratio. ... The two companies may be in same industry, but their size and their focus areas can be different, so it would not provide the accurate result by doing the ratio analysis without taking the factors associated with it (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2010, p.109). Two companies may not follow the same accounting standards, or a company can change the accounting standards they are following in recent years. The taxation rules of different states or countries are different as well as the political condition also. A multinational company has to face different inflation, different taxation rules throughout the world. So whether doing the trend analysis or cross sectional analysis an analyst should consider these factors. There are also technical factors associated with this issue. The analysts use many statistical tools which take the assumption that the data is normally distributed but in reality it doesn’t happen, and the outcome of the analysis not become fruitful. A research study was per formed by taking the data of 66 listed Malaysian firms and the data was of the period 1980 to 1996. The sample firms were taken from 3 different industries. It is seen by the researchers while doing that research that only current asset percentage was conformed to normal distribution, which supports the fact that all data used in the statistical tool for performing ratio analysis is not normally distributed which is assumed by the analysts generally. For doing the ratio analysis effectively the researcher used three types of transformation techniques namely square, square root and natural log. The square and square root process proved as ineffective as they consider the data as normally distributed, which the natural log process don’t. The researchers